Non GamStop Casinos: Best Slots, Games and Providers Compared

What this comparison covers

Non GamStop casinos are online casino sites that operate outside GAMSTOP, the UK's national self-exclusion scheme for gambling sites. They typically hold licences from jurisdictions other than the UK Gambling Commission, such as Curaçao, and market themselves to UK players despite that difference in oversight. This guide reviews ten casinos not on GamStop, focusing on the practical question that matters most for this comparison: what slots, table games and providers are actually on offer, and on what bonus and payment terms. We also explain the regulatory distinctions, common licence types, and the withdrawal and self-exclusion realities that affect anyone considering these sites.

Ten non GamStop casinos reviewed

Below are individual assessments of the casinos not on GamStop featured on this page, in the order they are ranked. Each entry lists a factual summary table, followed by strengths and limitations relevant to game range, bonuses and payment terms. Where an operator has not published enough detail to assess a feature, that gap is noted rather than guessed at.

1. Betmica

Betmica leads this list with a large headline welcome offer of 570% up to £5,700 plus 270 free spins, aimed squarely at players who want maximum initial bankroll for slots. As with any bonus of this size, the wagering requirement and maximum bonus bet size will do more to determine real value than the headline percentage, so read the bonus terms in full before depositing.

Pros

• Large slots catalogue covering multiple providers
• Sizeable welcome bonus for new depositors
• Free spins included alongside the deposit match

Cons

• High headline bonus percentages usually carry demanding wagering terms
• Independent long-term payout data is not publicly available

2. Kikibet

Kikibet offers a 350% match up to £5,555 with 300 free spins, positioning it as a slots-heavy welcome package similar in structure to Betmica's but with a lower percentage cap and more free spins. The free spins allocation is one of the largest in this comparison, which will appeal to players who prioritise spin volume over deposit match size.

Pros

• High free spins count relative to deposit size
• Lower minimum deposit than several competitors here
• Slightly lower wagering multiple than the top-ranked site

Cons

• As a newer brand, its operating track record is still limited
• Table game range has not been independently confirmed in detail

3. Betninja

Betninja's £1,000 bonus plus 100 free spins is a flatter, more predictable offer than the percentage-based packages above, which makes the actual bonus value easier to calculate upfront. This suits players who prefer certainty over a headline multiplier that depends on deposit size.

Pros

• Flat bonus cap simplifies value calculation
• Established since 2021, giving a longer operating history than newer entrants
• Recognised slot providers listed among its studios

Cons

• Bonus cap is lower in absolute terms than percentage-led offers on this list
• Live dealer game range has not been independently verified

4. WinnerIsland

WinnerIsland's welcome bonus up to €1,000 plus 100 free spins is denominated in euros rather than pounds, which is worth noting for UK players checking whether a GBP account is available before assuming like-for-like value against sterling offers elsewhere on this page.

Pros

• Moderate wagering requirement compared with higher-percentage offers
• Free spins bundled with the deposit match
• Multiple providers listed for slot variety

Cons

• Euro-denominated bonus means UK players should check currency conversion before depositing
• Published information does not confirm GBP account availability

5. Zombillion

Zombillion's Welcome Pack of 250% up to £4,000 plus 200 free spins is a mid-range percentage offer by this list's standards, sitting between Betninja's flat bonus and the larger percentage packages from Betmica and Smash Casino. The sterling denomination is a practical plus for UK players wanting to avoid conversion fees.

Pros

• Sterling-denominated bonus removes currency conversion guesswork
• Substantial free spins allocation
• Slot catalogue spans several established providers

Cons

• 40x wagering requirement is on the higher end of this comparison
• Live dealer and table game depth is not independently confirmed

6. Smash Casino

Smash Casino's 600% up to €10,000 Slots Welcome Package is the largest headline figure in this list by cash value, explicitly framed as a slots-focused offer. Because it is euro-denominated and carries a very large ceiling, the practical value for most players will depend far more on the wagering requirement and maximum bonus bet than on the €10,000 cap itself, which few depositors will reach.

Pros

• Explicitly slots-focused welcome package
• Large game catalogue across major providers
• High headline bonus ceiling

Cons

• 45x wagering requirement is among the highest on this page
• Euro account means UK players need to check currency handling

7. Nightluck

Nightluck offers €6,400 plus 280 free spins across an 805% match, another large multi-part package combining a high percentage, substantial cash ceiling and a generous spins count. As with Smash Casino's offer, the size of the headline figures makes the wagering terms the decisive factor in real value.

Pros

• High free spins allocation alongside the deposit match
• Broad slots range across recognised providers
• Large potential bonus ceiling

Cons

• High wagering multiple requires significant turnover before withdrawal
• As a 2023 launch, its dispute-handling record is not yet extensively documented

8. CoinPoker

CoinPoker's 150% up to $2,000 offer is more modest in headline size than several others here, and its name signals a crypto-orientated, poker-led product rather than a pure slots casino. This makes it a different fit within this comparison: players focused specifically on slots not on GamStop should check its slot catalogue depth before assuming parity with dedicated slots-first operators.

Pros

• Longer operating history than most others on this list
• Lower wagering requirement than several competitors
• Cryptocurrency-native platform suits crypto-holding players

Cons

• Smaller slot catalogue than dedicated slots operators on this page
• Primarily crypto-funded, which will not suit players wanting card or bank deposits

9. Rivo

Rivo's Slots welcome package of 1000% up to €10,000 plus 25% cashback is notable for combining a very high percentage match with an ongoing cashback element rather than a one-off bonus alone. The cashback component is worth understanding separately from the deposit match, since cashback typically returns a percentage of net losses rather than adding to your deposit directly.

Pros

• Cashback element adds ongoing value beyond the initial bonus
• Very high headline match percentage
• Broad slots range across recognised providers

Cons

• Cashback terms and calculation method need checking in the full terms
• Euro-based offer requires currency conversion checks for UK players

10. Daytonaspin

Daytonaspin closes this list with a 255% up to £4,500 package plus 255 free spins, a sterling-denominated mid-to-large offer that sits comfortably alongside Betmica and Zombillion in structure. Its matching spins-to-percentage figure (255/255) is a simple format that some players find easier to remember than the varied structures used elsewhere on this page.

Pros

• Sterling-denominated bonus avoids currency conversion
• Simple, memorable bonus structure
• Solid slot catalogue spanning multiple providers

Cons

• 40x wagering requirement demands significant turnover
• Live dealer and table game depth not independently confirmed

What are casinos not on GamStop?

GAMSTOP is the UK's national self-exclusion scheme, and every operator licensed by the UK Gambling Commission must participate in it. Casinos not on GamStop are simply sites that are not connected to that scheme, usually because they hold a licence from a different regulator entirely, such as one issued in Curaçao. A casino not on GamStop and an offshore casino are often the same thing in practice, since sidestepping GAMSTOP generally means sidestepping UKGC licensing altogether.

Claims of "no-KYC" gambling sites not on GamStop should be treated carefully. The absence of GAMSTOP registration does not mean the absence of identity checks; most licensed operators still verify identity and, on larger withdrawals, the source of funds. A casino being reachable from a UK IP address, accepting pounds, or advertising in English does not establish that it is authorised to serve UK customers under UK law. It only shows that the operator has chosen to accept UK visitors under its own foreign licence.

How non GamStop casinos differ from UKGC-licensed casinos

The core difference is regulatory oversight. UKGC-licensed uk online casinos must enforce GAMSTOP self-exclusion, offer standard responsible gambling tools, and follow strict advertising and bonus fairness rules, with the UKGC and the Gambling Commission's complaints process as backstops. Non gamstop casino sites answer instead to their own licensing body, commonly in Curaçao, Malta, Anjouan or similar jurisdictions, where enforcement and complaint handling vary considerably in strength.

In practice, this trade-off cuts both ways. Non-GamStop operators are freer to offer larger headline bonuses, higher maximum stakes and broader game libraries, as reflected in the packages reviewed above. But readers lose the UKGC's standardised protections: there is no guaranteed independent alternative dispute resolution body equivalent to the one UKGC licensees must use, deposit and loss limits are set at the operator's discretion rather than mandated, and enforcement against unfair terms depends on the strength of the issuing licence.

Payments and account controls also differ. UK-licensed casinos cannot accept credit cards for gambling; some offshore operators can, though this is not the case for every non gamstop casino and should be checked per operator. Game features can differ too: offshore sites sometimes host slots or bonus buy features restricted or altered in the UK-licensed market. None of this means offshore casinos are inherently less fair, only that the protections operate differently and rely more heavily on the specific licence and operator's own conduct.

How we reviewed these non GamStop casinos

This comparison assessed each site against published information: stated ownership, the licence declared on the casino's own terms pages, the clarity and completeness of bonus and withdrawal terms, patterns in publicly visible complaints, the responsiveness described for customer support, and the account controls the operator makes available, such as deposit limits and self-exclusion tools. This is a review of published claims and terms, not first-hand testing of deposits, gameplay or withdrawal speed.

Ownership matters because a single company or group often operates several branded casino sites and gambling sites not on GamStop under one licence. Understanding who actually runs a site, and whether that company holds a track record across other brands, adds useful context that a single casino's own marketing will not volunteer.

Assessing new casinos not on GamStop

A "new casino not on GamStop" is a newly launched brand, which is distinct from a new casino operated by a company with years of experience running other sites. Several operators in this comparison, including Kikibet, WinnerIsland, Smash Casino, Nightluck and Rivo, launched in 2022 or 2023, meaning their independent operating history is comparatively short. A short track record is not automatically a red flag, but it does mean fewer real-world data points on payout consistency and dispute handling exist for these brands compared with longer-established operators.

Genuine red flags to watch for when assessing any new non gamstop casino include: no verifiable licence number displayed, terms that contradict themselves between the bonus page and full terms and conditions, unusually vague ownership information, and a pattern of unresolved withdrawal complaints reported by users elsewhere. None of the operators reviewed here were flagged for these specific issues in the information reviewed, but readers should still check current terms directly before depositing, since terms can change.

Common licences held by casinos not on GamStop

Non-GamStop casinos typically hold one of several offshore licences rather than a UKGC licence. Understanding what each licence actually establishes helps set realistic expectations.

Curaçao is the most common licence among casinos not on GamStop, including many gambling sites not on GamStop covered across this market. Historically issued under a small number of master licence holders, Curaçao's regulatory framework has been reformed in recent years to introduce a single licensing authority and stronger compliance requirements, though enforcement strength still varies by operator and by which master licence a site previously sat under. A Curaçao casino not on GamStop being licensed confirms the operator has registered with that authority; it does not confirm the same level of consumer protection as a UKGC licence.

Malta, regulated by the Malta Gaming Authority, is generally regarded as a stronger offshore licence with more robust player protection requirements and a formal complaints process, though Malta-licensed operators serving UK players still fall outside UKGC jurisdiction.

Panama licences are issued by the Panamanian Gaming Control Board and have historically had lighter public reporting on enforcement actions than Malta or the reformed Curaçao framework.

Anjouan, part of Comoros, has become a more visible licensing option in recent years for smaller or newer operators, offering a faster and lower-cost licensing route; its regulatory oversight and complaint infrastructure are less established than longer-running authorities.

Tobique and Kahnawake are licences issued respectively by a First Nation authority in Canada and the Kahnawake Gaming Commission, historically used by a number of online gambling sites; both operate independently of UK or EU regulatory frameworks.

Estonia's licence, issued by the Estonian Tax and Customs Board, applies a stricter EU-influenced regulatory standard, though it is less commonly seen among the casinos not on GamStop marketed to UK players than Curaçao or Malta licences.

Whichever licence is cited, two checks matter most: confirming the licence number against the regulator's own register where one is publicly accessible, and confirming that the exact domain and legal entity operating the site you are using matches the one named on the licence. Brands sometimes operate mirror domains or rebrand, and a licence quoted for one entity does not automatically extend to an unrelated one. If a dispute arises, the relevant licensing authority's complaints process, where it exists, is the main external escalation route available, since UK bodies such as the Gambling Commission have no jurisdiction over offshore-only operators.

Casino bonuses: welcome offers, free spins and cashback explained

Every operator reviewed above leads with a welcome bonus, but bonus structures vary in ways that materially change their value. This section breaks down the main bonus types used by non gamstop casino sites.

Welcome bonuses and deposit bonuses

A welcome bonus is typically a deposit bonus: the casino matches a percentage of your first deposit up to a stated cap, credited as bonus funds that must usually be wagered before withdrawal. Betmica's 570% up to £5,700 and Smash Casino's 600% up to €10,000 are examples of large deposit-match welcome bonuses seen in this comparison. The percentage and cap only tell part of the story; the wagering requirement determines how much play is needed before any winnings become withdrawable.

Free spins

Free spins are a set number of pre-paid spins on specified slot games, usually bundled with a deposit bonus rather than offered alone. Winnings from free spins are typically credited as bonus funds subject to their own wagering requirement, not paid out directly. Several operators here, including Kikibet's 300 free spins and Nightluck's 280 free spins, bundle a large spins allocation with their deposit match.

No-deposit bonuses

A no-deposit bonus gives a small amount of bonus funds or spins simply for registering, without requiring a deposit. None of the operators reviewed above were confirmed to offer a no-deposit bonus in the information available; readers interested specifically in no-deposit offers at new casinos not on GamStop should check each operator's current promotions page directly, since these offers change frequently and were not part of the headline offers assessed here.

Cashback bonuses

Cashback returns a percentage of net losses over a given period, rather than matching a deposit. Rivo's package includes 25% cashback alongside its 1000% deposit match, an example of cashback layered on top of a welcome bonus rather than replacing it. Cashback usually carries its own, often lower, wagering requirement than deposit bonuses, but this varies by operator.

Loyalty rewards

Loyalty programmes reward ongoing play with points, tiered status, or periodic bonuses rather than a one-off offer. Loyalty scheme structures were not detailed in the headline offers reviewed for this comparison, so readers should check each casino's VIP or loyalty terms separately rather than assume parity across operators.

Worked wagering example

Wagering requirements are usually expressed as a multiple of the bonus, or of the deposit plus bonus combined; the difference matters. Take a £20 deposit matched by a 200% bonus, giving £40 in bonus funds, with a 40x wagering requirement on the bonus only. You would need to wager £40 × 40 = £1,600 in eligible games before withdrawing bonus-derived winnings. If the same casino instead applied 40x to deposit-plus-bonus (£60), the target rises to £2,400. Game contribution rates also affect this: if slots count 100% towards wagering but table games count only 10%, playing roulette towards a slots-focused wagering target will clear it far more slowly. Maximum bonus bet limits, often £5 or £10 per spin while wagering, and bonus cashout caps, which limit how much of your bonus-derived winnings can be withdrawn, further constrain value regardless of the headline percentage. Bonus expiry dates, commonly 7 to 30 days, mean unused or unwagered bonus funds are forfeited if the window passes.

Payment methods at non GamStop casinos

Deposit availability and withdrawal availability are not the same thing: a method accepted for deposits is not guaranteed for withdrawals, and casinos frequently restrict withdrawal methods to match the original deposit method as an anti-fraud measure.

Debit cards

Visa and Mastercard debit cards are widely documented as deposit options across offshore casinos. Credit cards are banned for gambling by UK-licensed operators, but this restriction does not automatically apply to non-GamStop sites, whose card acceptance depends on their own payment processor rather than UK law.

Bank transfers

Bank transfers typically involve longer processing times than cards or e-wallets, often one to five working days, and may carry higher minimum deposit or withdrawal thresholds. They are generally slower but sometimes necessary for larger withdrawal amounts.

E-wallets

Skrill and Neteller are the e-wallets most commonly documented at offshore casinos. E-wallet withdrawals tend to process faster once approved than card or bank transfer withdrawals, though speed still depends on the operator's own approval stage.

PayPal availability

PayPal is rarely supported by non GamStop casino sites; the service's own merchant policies have historically limited its use with offshore gambling operators. Readers specifically wanting PayPal should not assume availability and should verify directly with the operator rather than relying on general UK payment habits.

Prepaid vouchers

Paysafecard is the best-known prepaid voucher method, and paysafe casinos not on GamStop are a recognised subset of the market for players who prefer not to link a bank card or e-wallet directly. Prepaid vouchers are deposit-only; withdrawals cannot be returned to a paysafecard, so an alternative withdrawal method must be used.

Cryptocurrency

Bitcoin, Ethereum and similar cryptocurrencies are increasingly documented at offshore casinos, including CoinPoker, which operates on a crypto-first model. Crypto payments can process quickly and sometimes carry lower fees, but value is exposed to exchange rate movement between deposit and withdrawal, and few UK banks treat crypto purchases for gambling the same way as standard card spending.

What a GBP account means

A genuine GBP account lets you deposit, play and withdraw in pounds sterling without currency conversion. Several operators reviewed above, including Betmica, Zombillion and Daytonaspin, price their bonuses in pounds, suggesting sterling account support, while others such as WinnerIsland, Smash Casino, Nightluck and Rivo price offers in euros, meaning UK players should confirm whether a sterling account option exists before assuming direct like-for-like value with the pound figures.

Fees and currency conversion

Fees vary: some operators absorb processing costs, others pass on a percentage fee, particularly on card and bank transfer withdrawals. Where an account only supports euros or US dollars, your card issuer or bank will apply its own currency conversion rate and, potentially, a foreign transaction fee on top of it, separate from anything the casino itself charges.

Withdrawals, KYC and account restrictions

Casino approval time and payment settlement time are two separate stages, and confusing them is the most common source of withdrawal frustration. Casino approval covers the operator reviewing your withdrawal request, checking wagering has been completed, and running identity verification. Payment settlement is the time the payment network or bank itself takes to move funds once approved. A casino advertising "24-hour withdrawals" is usually describing its own approval stage, not the total time until funds appear in your account.

KYC (know-your-customer) checks require proof of identity, such as a passport or driving licence, and proof of address, such as a recent utility bill. Source-of-funds checks, requiring evidence of where deposited money came from, are typically triggered by larger deposits or withdrawals and are standard practice at properly licensed operators, whether UK-licensed or not. Non-GamStop does not mean no verification: most licensed non gamstop casino operators run these checks, particularly before releasing significant withdrawals, precisely because their licence requires it.

Withdrawal limits are set per operator and sometimes per payment method, commonly ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand pounds per transaction or per day, with larger amounts processed in instalments. Bonus-related restrictions, such as unmet wagering or exceeding a maximum bonus bet while wagering, are common reasons a withdrawal request is delayed or partially voided, which is why reading bonus terms before playing matters as much as reading them before withdrawing.

When a withdrawal dispute arises, the escalation path depends on the licence: Malta-licensed operators generally have a more formal external complaints process than some Curaçao or Anjouan-licensed sites. Keep records of communications, deposit and withdrawal confirmations, and bonus terms at the time you opted in, since these form the basis of any dispute. No non gamstop casino, however well-regarded, can guarantee instant or guaranteed withdrawals, and any marketing suggesting otherwise should be treated with scepticism.

Games not on GamStop: slots, live and table games

Slots not on GamStop

Slots are the core product at every casino reviewed on this page, and the operators here cite provider names including Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, Play'n GO, Big Time Gaming, Microgaming, Betsoft and others as sources for their libraries. Popular slot titles commonly found across offshore casino libraries include Pragmatic Play's Sweet Bonanza and Gates of Olympus, and Big Time Gaming's Bonanza, though which specific titles any individual operator carries was not independently confirmed for this page and should be checked in-lobby. RTP (return to player) figures for slots are version-specific: the same slot title can carry a different RTP depending on which build a casino has integrated, so a headline RTP quoted in marketing does not guarantee that figure applies at every site hosting the game. Volatility, meaning how frequently and how large wins tend to be, also varies by title and is a separate consideration from RTP; high-volatility slots pay less often but potentially larger amounts, while low-volatility slots pay smaller amounts more consistently.

Live dealer and table games

Live dealer games stream a real dealer via video to replicate an in-person casino experience, commonly covering blackjack, roulette and baccarat, sometimes with game-show style variants. Evolution Gaming is the most widely recognised live casino studio in this space. None of the operators reviewed above had their specific live dealer catalogues independently confirmed for this page, so readers wanting live blackjack, roulette or baccarat specifically should verify the live lobby directly before signing up. Standard software-based (RNG) versions of blackjack, roulette and baccarat are near-universal across online casino lobbies, offering multiple rule variants such as European versus American roulette or multi-hand blackjack.

Provider authenticity and regional availability

A provider's logo appearing on a casino's site is not, by itself, proof of game quality or fairness; it confirms only that the casino has integrated that studio's content. Regional licensing agreements also mean a provider available at one non gamstop casino may not be available at another, even where both claim the same provider partnership, so checking the actual game lobby remains more reliable than relying on provider logos alone.

Popular game providers at non GamStop casinos

The operators in this comparison cite a recurring set of software studios. Pragmatic Play appears across the majority of reviewed sites and is known for high-volatility slots such as its Sweet Bonanza and Gates of Olympus series, alongside live casino content. NetEnt, one of the longest-established studios, supplies well-known titles and is cited by Kikibet and Nightluck among others here. Play'n GO, cited by several operators, is known for a broad slot back-catalogue including licensed and original titles. Evolution Gaming is the dominant name in live dealer casino games industry-wide, though its specific presence at each reviewed operator was not independently confirmed. Playtech, a long-running studio with both slots and live product lines, appears in Betninja's and Zombillion's provider lists. Microgaming, one of the oldest software providers in online gambling, is cited by Betninja. Big Time Gaming, known for pioneering the Megaways mechanic used across many modern slots, is cited by Smash Casino. Novomatic, a major European studio known for classic-style slots, was not specifically confirmed among the providers cited by the reviewed operators, though its titles are common across the wider non-GamStop casino market. As with any provider list, a named partnership is a starting point for checking game variety, not a substitute for browsing the actual lobby.

Sports betting at non GamStop casinos

Not every casino not on GamStop offers a sportsbook, and this page's focus is games and providers rather than sports betting, so sportsbook availability for each of the ten operators listed here was not independently confirmed. Where a combined casino and sportsbook account does exist at an operator, it typically works through a shared wallet: one balance funds both casino play and sports bets, and the same KYC and withdrawal rules generally apply across both products.

Where sports betting is offered, it typically covers pre-match and in-play (live) betting across major sports, and increasingly esports betting on titles such as Counter-Strike and Dota 2. Common bet types include singles, accumulators (combining multiple selections into one bet for combined odds), and bet builders, which let a player combine multiple markets within a single match into one bet. Cash-out, where offered, allows settling a bet early for a value calculated before the event finishes, based on current odds movement.

Sports free bets differ from casino bonuses in structure: a free bet typically requires a qualifying real-money bet at a minimum odds threshold, often 1.50 or higher in decimal odds, before crediting a free bet of equivalent or lesser value. Unlike casino deposit bonuses, the free bet's stake itself is not usually returned if the free bet wins, only the winnings; this contrasts with a standard bet, where the stake is returned along with winnings. Free bets also carry their own expiry windows and are usually restricted to specified markets rather than any bet type.

Self-exclusion at casinos not on GamStop

Casinos not on GamStop are, by definition, outside GAMSTOP's coverage, so registering with GAMSTOP does not block access to offshore operators; this is a genuine limitation of the scheme rather than a loophole to rely on. Reputable non gamstop casino operators generally still offer their own account-level controls, including deposit limits, loss limits, and time-outs or self-exclusion periods, but these controls typically apply only to that specific brand and any sites explicitly linked to it, not across the wider gambling sites not on GamStop market or a linked sportsbook unless the operator confirms shared enforcement.

This page does not present non-GamStop casinos as a way around self-exclusion, and readers who have self-excluded via GAMSTOP because of gambling harm should not treat offshore sites as an alternative route to gamble. Independent support remains available regardless of which platform someone uses: GamCare offers confidential advice via its helpline and web chat, and the NHS's specialist gambling clinics provide treatment for gambling-related harm. Software-based blocking tools, such as Gamban or BetBlocker, can restrict access to gambling sites at the device level, including sites outside GAMSTOP's own coverage, which GAMSTOP registration alone cannot do.

Choosing between these non GamStop casinos

The clearest distinctions across this list of casinos not on GamStop come down to bonus structure and currency: flat bonuses like Betninja's are easier to value upfront, while large percentage offers from Betmica, Smash Casino, Rivo and Nightluck depend heavily on their wagering requirements to judge real worth; sterling-denominated offers from Betmica, Zombillion and Daytonaspin avoid currency conversion questions that euro-based offers from WinnerIsland, Smash Casino, Nightluck and Rivo raise for UK players. Newer brands among these ten carry a shorter independent track record than more established ones, and no operator here can be confirmed to guarantee instant withdrawals or blanket safety. Read each site's current bonus and withdrawal terms directly before depositing, and use the account controls covered above if gambling stops being enjoyable. For further guidance on managing risk, see our Responsible Gambling page, and check our Terms and Conditions or About Us pages for how this comparison was put together.